本文转载自 GULF NEWS 【节选】 翻译/Mary

源自阿拉伯语
Zero（零）,giraffe（长颈鹿）和alcohol（酒精）有什么共同点呢？没太多共同点，只不过这三个词都源自于阿拉伯语，是几个世纪以来欧洲从阿拉伯汲取的大量语言与文化遗产中的一部分。

那么现代英文中究竟哪些词汇源自阿拉伯语呢？我们来看一看

CAMISE（女式长袖宽衬衣）
在古代，camise指各种样式的夹克衫。而现代意义上的camisole或是camise指一种款式宽松并且无袖的女式衬衫。这个词经源于阿拉伯语中的kameis，后由法国流传至英国。

RICE（大米）
该词在13世纪中期在英语中开始被使用，它是法语ris的变形，而ris正是从阿拉伯语roz演变而来。在阿拉伯饮食文化中，大米是很多种汤及肉菜的佐料。

PISTACHIO（开心果）
Pistachio的名字是从西班牙语中的alfóstigo演变而来，而alfóstigo正是源于阿拉伯语中的fustuq。经过语言的传播，阿拉伯语中”f”的发音变为爆破音”p”，而”q”则弱化为”ch”。Fustik一词与fustuqi从同一词根演化而来，表示一种燃料。

TABBY（斑猫）
Tabby是指带有一种条状花纹的猫。虽然这一词汇现在普遍被用来表示此意，不过最初服装行业用它来指一种水滑的丝织品。巴格达一个名为Attabiyah的地区盛产丝绸，而英语将从Attabiyah演化而来的attabi进行变形，于是产生了tabby一词。

SHERBET（冰冻果露）
有三个词从阿拉伯语中的sharab（冰）演变而来，其中之一便是sherbet。 Sherbet指一种被用于给泡沫饮料增味的水果，Syrup指一种浓稠的甜味饮料，而Sorbet是冰布丁中常用的一种水果。它们都从阿拉伯语中演变而来。

SWAHILI（斯瓦希里语）
Swahili是一种非洲东海岸使用的语言，从Dar E Salam一直到索马里。斯瓦希里语是由班图语和阿拉伯语混合而来的一种语言，其中有三分之一的词汇源自于阿拉伯语。Swahili一词从阿拉伯语中的sawahil一词而来，意为海岸，是sahil的复数形式。

SERENDIPITY（好运）
Serendipity从阿拉伯词语Serendip变形而来，Serendip一词在阿拉伯语意为斯里兰卡，那里的人民生活快乐，是世界著名的。这一词在1754年Horace Walpole的童话书The Three Princes of Serendip中被引入英语之中。阿拉伯语中的该词从梵文中表示斯里兰卡的Suvarnadweep一词演变而来。

MUFTI（便服）
Mufti一词在英语中指常穿制服的人所穿的便服。这一词在19世纪由英国军队引进到英语中，当时的军人在不当班的时候经常穿一种东方款式的长袍，搭配带有流苏的帽子。这种打扮非常像伊斯兰教法律学士的打扮，而这一人群在阿拉伯语中被称为Mufti。

LOOFAH（丝瓜络）
这一词指沐浴时用来搓背的一种干纤维制品。在1706年被引入到英语中时，是一个植物学中的词汇luffa，指丝瓜。这是一种长的像西葫芦一样全是纤维的植物。在19世纪开始被大家用于沐浴，这一词进而演化为loofah。

JAR（罐）
在你拿着蜂蜜罐取蜂蜜的时候，突然知道罐子（Jar）这个非常普通的英语词汇居然是从阿拉伯语中的jarra一词而来，会不会非常惊讶？jarra一词指一种大型的陶器。这词最初出现在英语中是在1418年到1421年，是指装橄榄油的罐子。

REAM（令–纸张计量单位）
Ream是纸张计量单位。这一词最初是阿拉伯语中表示一包或是一捆的rizma。在12世纪到13世纪，伴随着纸传入英国，rizma一词也被纳入到英语当中。

AZURE（蔚蓝色）
Azure是指一种鲜艳的蓝色，与Lazurite（青金石：一种蓝色的矿石）一词有着同样的词根。阿拉伯语中对应的词语为lazward，兼指这种矿石或是这种颜色。它从Lajward一词演变而来，而Lajward正是阿富汗一处盛产改种矿石的地名。

AVERAGE（海损）
Average一词从阿拉伯语中的awar演变而来，awar意为”瑕疵或是任何有缺陷的事物”。在12世纪流传到意大利，演变为意大利语中的avaria，表示”海运商业中出现的损伤或是损失”。在同一时期，这一词汇被引入到法语当中，写作averie。而在1491年，英语中出现了averay一词，表示相同意思。

ALGORITHM（运算法则）
Algorithm一词就是阿拉伯语中运算法则的称谓。Mohammad Musa Al Khwarizmi在9世纪曾在巴格达工作。在最初被纳入中世纪拉丁语中时，它的意义要宽泛很多，直到13世纪，它才演化为algorismus。

ALKALI（碱）
Alkali从阿拉伯语中的Al Qali演变而来，Al Qali指用来制造肥皂和玻璃的碳酸钠和碳酸钾。Al Qali从厚岸草中提取而来。

ASSASSIN（刺客）
Assassin由阿拉伯语中的Al Hashashoon演变而来，Al Hashashoon指吸食大麻的人。这还需要追溯到13世纪十字军东征控制整个波斯北部地区的时期，其暗杀组织的首领会派瘾君子执行刺杀任务。

CAMEL（骆驼）
Camel一词好像是阿拉伯语jamal一词的直接音译，在某些阿拉伯方言中，会发为重音G，使得它的发音更加接近英语中的camel。不过，该词最初是从阿拉伯语演变为希腊语中的kamelos，接着被纳入拉丁语，变形为camelus，最终才演变为英语中的camel。

IODINE（碘）
Iodine是一种抗菌化学元素，其单质呈紫色。Iodine源自阿拉伯语Youd。但是一些人认为改词更早起源于希腊语iodes，意为紫色，即碘的单质颜色。

COFFEE（咖啡）
咖啡树原产于埃塞俄比亚以及苏丹。Coffee源自于土耳其语kahve，以及阿拉伯语qahwah。在《法国美食百科全书》中，咖啡被描述为：刺激性饮品。

CRIMSON（深红色）
Crimson是一种深深的红颜色，改种颜料来自产于地中海地区的胭脂橡树。该词来自语古西班牙语”cremesin”，在阿拉伯语中拼为qurmuz 。

ARAK（亚力酒）
Arak是由洋茴香酿制而成的烈性酒。《法国美食百科全书》中解释：Arak源自阿拉伯语araq，意为汗。改种酒精饮品在中东、南欧以及东南亚军广受欢迎。

ALEMBIC（蒸馏器）
Alembic是一种用于脱盐的铜罐子。该词愿与阿拉伯语al’ inbiq。《法国美食百科全书》中对蒸馏器的定义为：由一个沸腾器，蒸汽收集盖，和一个用于冷凝的弯管。

UMMA（社区）
在牛津辞典中，Umma指由宗教纽带而联系现在一起的穆斯林信徒。这一词语直接源自于阿拉伯语umma，意为人们或社区。

TELL（小山）
Tell为考古学术语，意为就地建立定居点。在牛津字典中，tell被认为源自阿拉伯语tal，意为小山。

TAGINE（摩洛哥陶锅）
Tagine指一种在北非用于烹饪的锥形陶器。它源自于阿拉伯语tajin或者frying pan.

ERG（尔格）
Erg是一个用来表示沙漠中流沙面积的地理学名词。它源于阿拉伯语arq，意为一排沙丘。在阿拉伯语中其本意指血管，树根，或者且当起伏的沙丘。

JUMPER（套衫）
它指从船员宽松的外套演变而来的毛衫或是套衫。这一词汇首先从阿拉伯语中的jubba被纳入到古法语，进而被引入到英语当中。根据牛津英语词典，它指男女都可穿的套衫。

GERBIL（沙鼠）
在全世界，沙鼠或是跳鼠共有150余种，分布在北非、印度以及东亚地区。在阿拉伯，这种啮齿类物种被称作jarbu。随着这一物种蔓延到伊比利亚半岛，jarbu一词也变形为古法语中的gerbil。

MACRAME（流苏花边）
这种刺绣蕾丝制品的英语名实际上是从西班牙语和法语而来，最初是用来指有繁复刺绣花纹或是镶满珠宝的绸缎以及丝制品。在阿拉伯语中miqrama指带有刺绣的面纱，随着丝绸贸易的发展，这一词义也随之传播。

ALBATROSS（信天翁）
对于阿拉伯早期的航海家以及海员们来说，这种世界上展幅最大的鸟猛扎入海中的场景当然非常壮观。在阿拉伯语中Al Ghattas表示潜水者，Albatross就是它的变形，之后也就在欧洲西海岸传播开来。

MONSOON（季风）
在东南亚地区每年的六到九月都会出现季风雨。Monsoon从阿拉伯语中表示季节的mawsim一词变形而来。随着18世纪中后叶英国航海家到达印度次大陆，这一词也流传到英国。

ALCOVE（壁龛）
Alcove从阿拉伯语中的Al Qubbah一词演变而来。Al Qubbah指拱形屋顶或是圆穹顶的的弯曲状。伊斯兰教的建筑风格以及工程学首先流传到伊比利亚半岛的安达鲁西亚，之后流传到中世纪欧洲。

MATTRESS（床垫）
Mattress一词从阿拉伯语matrah变形而来，指大的可以依靠的软垫或是软地毯。在10世纪初期被纳入西班牙语及法语中后，在14世纪在英语中开始使用。

SUMAC（漆树）
Sumac一词源于阿拉伯语中的summaq。漆树曾被用于制作辛辣食品，皮革制品以及纺织品印染，还是一种治疗胃病的传统草药。

SPINACH（菠菜）
Isfanakh是东阿拉伯地区传统用语，之后成为整个阿拉伯地区普遍使用的spanekh。在10世纪左右由阿拉伯人传入西班牙，之后遍及整个欧洲地区，最后成为英语中的Spinach。

ORANGE（橙子）
虽然橙子树最初是印度地区的本土植物，但是Orange一词却是从阿拉伯语中的naranj一词演变而来。在10世纪早期，阿拉伯人将橙子树引进到地中海地区，后由返程的十字军带到西欧。

CUMIN（小茴香）
小茴香是一种名为Cuminum cyminum的植物风干的种子。Cuminum cyminum是欧芹科的一种，而Cumin一词也有阿拉伯词语kammun变形而来。

SAFFRON（橙黄色）
Saffron一词源自于阿拉伯词语zafaraan，zafaraan表示橙黄色，而且被用作烹饪中体色及提辣味的历史已经至少3千年了。

AMBER（琥珀）
阿拉伯词语anbar经过中世纪拉丁语的ambar以及古法语的ambre才逐渐成为英语中的amber。琥珀常被用作制作香水，民间常用作康复剂，同时它也是一种珠宝。

LEMON（柠檬）
Lemons，也就是阿拉伯语中的laymoon，原产自印度及中国，后来在公元8世纪左右被引进到波斯、伊拉克以及埃及。柠檬最初在有文字记载是在10世纪阿拉伯的农耕条款当中，也在那是，柠檬被用作伊斯兰花园中的装饰树木。

WADI（干谷）
Wadi在阿拉伯语中意为的河谷。不过，经由西班牙语成为一个常用词语，而且可能最著名的用法可能就是表示一个战场名，在葡萄牙Guadalquivir河旁的wadi Al Kabir，Wellington与拿破仑军队进行过一次最艰苦的抗战。

SUGAR（糖）
糖，也就是阿拉伯语中的Sukkar在中世纪欧洲是一种非常稀缺的商品，当时的人们常用蜂蜜作为甜味剂，这样就有了交易。在英语中首次出现关于糖的纪录是在1302年的杜伦王朝，当时的一名僧人纪录了关于zuker marok也就是摩洛哥糖储存的事情。

APRICOT（杏） 
Apricot从阿拉伯语中的barqooq演变而来，它首先从阿拉伯语转变为古拉丁语中代表早熟蜜桃的praecoqua，之后传入拜占庭时期的希腊地区。阿拉伯人将这一词语（随同这一水果）传入葡萄牙（albricoque）和西班牙嘉泰罗尼亚（albercoc），最后在1578年成为英语中的abrecox一词。

ALCOHOL（酒精）
Alcohol由Kohl一词得来，指一种被用作眼妆的细密辉锑矿粉末。这个词语在13世纪被引入到拉丁语，指很好的矿物质，随后在中世纪的冶金术中，它指任何被提纯的物质或是”精华”，最后经过词典编纂人士的缩减，成为alcohol。

MUSLIN（细面布）
Muslin是指一种轻质的平织棉布，这种棉布最初由伊拉克的Mosul出产。这个城市就以城市名命名了这种棉布，意大利语称其为mussoline，法语称为mousseline。

COTTON（棉花）
Cotton一词来自阿拉伯语中的qutn，在公元前300年亚历山大大帝开放贸易市场时，棉花从印度被引入到阿拉伯。中世纪，阿拉伯人与欧洲人开始进行棉花贸易，它如此柔软，让人们一度认为这一定是一种类似于羊毛的动物制品。

PARROT（鹦鹉）
Parrot起源于阿拉伯语中的babbagha一词，在12世纪称为古法语中的papegai，经过频繁使用，babbagha中的”B”转变成了”P”，就像很多源于阿拉伯语的词语一样，比如apricot、calipers、julep和syrup。

HAREM（妻妾）
Harem是阿拉伯语中hareem一词的直接音译，表示一个大家族中的成群的妻妾，但是它使用的阿拉伯语词根haram表示禁止，所以也暗指不许男人进入的女人闺房。

CARAT（克拉）
克拉是一种珍贵宝石的计量单位，它很有可能来自于阿拉伯语中的qirat一词，qirat代表四粒大麦种子的重量。不过这个阿拉伯词语可能来自于希腊语中的keration，所以也许英语中的carat一词也来源于此处。

SAFARI（旅行）
Safari是斯瓦希里语中表示旅行的词语，特指进入非洲野生地带观察（或是捕杀）猎物的旅行，这种旅行首先起源语19世纪的肯尼亚。斯瓦希里人将阿拉伯语中的safra一词直接纳入到自己的语言中，这也是许多东非地区使用的阿拉伯词语之一。

GHOUL（食尸鬼）
Ghoul从阿拉伯语中的ghool一词转化而来，指一种非常骇人的鬼。在1712年一千零一夜的法语译版中出现了ghoul一词。在19世纪很多一千零一夜的英语翻译版中，ghoul一词开始频繁出现，逐渐称为英语中的一部分。

CANDY（糖果）
Candy一词是对所有甜味品的统称，不过直到17世纪它才从阿拉伯语中的gand一词流传到英语中，指一种硬质的像大块水晶的糖。蔗糖最先出现于印度，之后梵文中出现相关词汇，进而流转到波斯语当中。

MAGAZINE（弹药库）
Magazine指军火商店，最初从阿拉伯语中的makhazin一词而来，它的词根khazan指商店，在加上前缀ma之后，就特指一种地点。在由文字记载的历史中，这一词第一次出现是在1228年的法国马赛，是一个普通的杂货铺，不过英语中经常用它指储存火药或是子弹的军火商店。

LUTE（琵琶）
Lute是对阿拉伯语中oud一词的直接音译，两个词都指同一种乐器。音乐家们可能会争论这种乐器有多少跟弦才合适，不过这个词已经流传开了。13世纪，西班牙语中出现了alod一词，英语中首次引用该词是在14世纪晚期。

CHEMISTRY（化学）
Chemistry早先在Plato Tiburtinus的早期著作中拼写为Al Kimya’a，在意为炼金术。后来中世纪的chemistry中源于中世纪炼金术的概念逐渐被现代化学所取代。

ARSENAL（军火库）
Arsenal源于Dar Al Sina’a，意为厂房。在英语中该词汇最早出现于15世纪，表示修船的泊位。在意大利语中该词仍然保持这这一含义，并且完全拼写为darsana。

ALGEBRA （代数学）
Algebra源于Al Jabr，意为破损修复。其数学含义最早起源于公元九世纪的数学家Al Khawarizmi的一本名为Al-kitāb al-mukhta’ar fī’isāb al-jabr wa al-muqābala的著作。

GIRAFFE（长颈鹿）
Giraffe在阿拉伯词典编纂者Jawahiri的词典中拼写为Al Zarafa，解释为”一种生物”。后来，生物学家将其含义细化为我们今天熟知的非洲长脖子野兽。

ADMIRAL （海军上将）
Admiral源自阿拉伯语”Amir Al Bihar”，意为海上的领袖，是诺曼－西西里岛上的第一个军衔。在伊丽莎白时代的英国，政府部门抛弃了阿拉伯语的原始拼写，在词中加入了字母D。但是在法语中，amiral被沿用至今。

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